Python Global Keyword

In Python, the global keyword allows us to modify the variable outside of the current scope.

It is used to create a global variable and make changes to the variable in a local context.

Before we learn about the global keyword, make sure you have got some basics of Python Variable Scope.

Access and Modify Python Global Variable

First let's try to access a global variable from the inside of a function,

c = 1 # global variable

def add():
    print(c)

add()

# Output: 1

Here, we can see that we have accessed a global variable from the inside of a function.

However, if we try to modify the global variable from inside a function as:

# global variable
c = 1 

def add():

     # increment c by 2
    c = c + 2

    print(c)

add()

Output

UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c' referenced before assignment

This is because we can only access the global variable but cannot modify it from inside the function.

The solution for this is to use the global keyword.

Example: Changing Global Variable From Inside a Function using global

# global variable
c = 1 

def add():

    # use of global keyword
    global c

    # increment c by 2
    c = c + 2 

    print(c)

add()

# Output: 3 

In the above example, we have defined c as the global keyword inside add().

Then, we have incremented the variable c by 2, i.e c = c + 2.

As we can see while calling add(), the value of global variable c is modified from 1 to 3.

Rules of global Keyword

The basic rules for global keyword in Python are:

• When we create a variable inside a function, it is local by default.
• When we define a variable outside of a function, it is global by default. You don't have to use the global keyword.
• We use the global keyword to modify (write to) a global variable inside a function.
• Use of the global keyword outside a function has no effect.

Also Read:

• Python Variables, Constants and Literals
• Python globals()